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1377.0, 1688.0, 1377.0, 1715.0, 134.0, 1715.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "* Corresponding author. Address: Forest Science Centre, Department of Sustainability and Environment, P.O. Box 137, Heidelberg, Vic." }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 118.0, 1718.0, 314.0, 1718.0, 314.0, 1741.0, 118.0, 1741.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "3084,Australia.Tel.:" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 480.0, 1718.0, 701.0, 1718.0, 701.0, 1741.0, 480.0, 1741.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "；fax:+61394508644." }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 167.0, 1748.0, 655.0, 1748.0, 655.0, 1768.0, 167.0, 1768.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "-mailaddress:patrickl@unimelb.edu.au(P.N.J.Lane)." }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 211.0, 623.0, 1285.0, 623.0, 1285.0, 653.0, 211.0, 653.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "aSchool of Forest and EcosystemStudies,University ofMelbourne,P.O.Box 137,Heidelberg,Victoria 3084,Australia" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 457.0, 649.0, 1038.0, 649.0, 1038.0, 679.0, 457.0, 679.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "bCSIRODivision of Land and Water,Canberra,ACT,Australia" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 368.0, 676.0, 1127.0, 676.0, 1127.0, 709.0, 368.0, 709.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "cCooperative Research Centre for Catchment Hydrology, Canberra, ACT, Australia" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 303.0, 704.0, 1198.0, 704.0, 1198.0, 739.0, 303.0, 739.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 247.0, 475.0, 1252.0, 475.0, 1252.0, 518.0, 247.0, 518.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "The response of flow duration curves to afforestation" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 389.0, 754.0, 1107.0, 754.0, 1107.0, 775.0, 389.0, 775.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "Received1October 2003;revised22December2004;accepted3January2005" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 141.0, 914.0, 1380.0, 914.0, 1380.0, 944.0, 141.0, 944.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "The hydrologic effect of replacing pasture or other short crops with trees is reasonably well understood on a mean annual" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 120.0, 948.0, 1377.0, 948.0, 1377.0, 972.0, 120.0, 972.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "basis. The impact on flow regime, as described by the annual flow duration curve (FDC) is less certain. A method to assess the" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 120.0, 979.0, 1379.0, 979.0, 1379.0, 1003.0, 120.0, 1003.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "impact of plantation establishment on FDCs was developed. The starting point for the analyses was the assumption that rainfall" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 117.0, 1010.0, 1379.0, 1010.0, 1379.0, 1038.0, 117.0, 1038.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "and vegetation age are the principal drivers of evapotranspiration. A key objective was to remove the variability in the rainfall" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 119.0, 1042.0, 1377.0, 1042.0, 1377.0, 1066.0, 119.0, 1066.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "signal, leaving changes in streamflow solely attributable to the evapotranspiration of the plantation. A method was developed to" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 119.0, 1074.0, 1379.0, 1074.0, 1379.0, 1098.0, 119.0, 1098.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "(1) fit a model to the observed annual time series of FDC percentiles; i.e. 1Oth percentile for each year of record with annual" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 119.0, 1106.0, 1377.0, 1106.0, 1377.0, 1130.0, 119.0, 1130.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "rainfall and plantation age as parameters, (2) replace the annual rainfall variation with the long term mean to obtain climate" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 119.0, 1137.0, 1379.0, 1137.0, 1379.0, 1160.0, 119.0, 1160.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "adjusted FDCs, and (3) quantify changes in FDC percentiles as plantations age. Data from 10 catchments from Australia, South" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 117.0, 1165.0, 1379.0, 1165.0, 1379.0, 1194.0, 117.0, 1194.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "Africa and New Zealand were used. The model was able to represent flow variation for the majority of percentiles at eight of the" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 120.0, 1199.0, 1379.0, 1199.0, 1379.0, 1223.0, 120.0, 1223.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "10 catchments, particularly for the 10-5Oth percentiles. The adjusted FDCs revealed variable patterns in flow reductions with" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 119.0, 1232.0, 1377.0, 1232.0, 1377.0, 1255.0, 119.0, 1255.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "two types of responses(groups)being identified.Group1 catchments show a substantial increase in the number of zeroflow" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 119.0, 1261.0, 1377.0, 1261.0, 1377.0, 1285.0, 119.0, 1285.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "days, with low flows being more affected than high fows. Group 2 catchments show a more uniform reduction in flows across" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 119.0, 1294.0, 1380.0, 1294.0, 1380.0, 1318.0, 119.0, 1318.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "all percentiles. The differences may be partly explained by storage characteristics. The modelled flow reductions were in accord" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 119.0, 1324.0, 1382.0, 1324.0, 1382.0, 1350.0, 119.0, 1350.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "with published results of paired catchment experiments. An additional analysis was performed to characterise the impact of" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 117.0, 1354.0, 570.0, 1354.0, 570.0, 1382.0, 117.0, 1382.0 ], "score": 0.95, "text": "afforestation on thenumber ofzeroflowdays" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 637.0, 1354.0, 1380.0, 1354.0, 1380.0, 1382.0, 637.0, 1382.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "for the catchments in group 1. This model performed particularly well, and" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 1385.0, 713.0, 1385.0, 713.0, 1414.0, 116.0, 1414.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "when adjusted for climate, indicated a significant increase in" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 768.0, 1385.0, 1379.0, 1385.0, 1379.0, 1414.0, 768.0, 1414.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": ".The zero flow day method could be used to determine change" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 117.0, 1420.0, 1379.0, 1420.0, 1379.0, 1444.0, 117.0, 1444.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "in the occurrence of any given flow in response to afforestation. The methods used in this study proved satisfactory in removing" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 119.0, 1452.0, 1379.0, 1452.0, 1379.0, 1476.0, 119.0, 1476.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "the rainfall variability, and have added useful insight into the hydrologic impacts of plantation establishment. This approach" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 119.0, 1483.0, 1376.0, 1483.0, 1376.0, 1506.0, 119.0, 1506.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "provides a methodologyfor understanding catchment response to afforestation,where paired catchment data is not available." }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 141.0, 1512.0, 536.0, 1512.0, 536.0, 1531.0, 141.0, 1531.0 ], "score": 0.91, "text": "2nn5FlcevierRVAllriohtsrecerved" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 559.0, 346.0, 938.0, 346.0, 938.0, 369.0, 559.0, 369.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "Journalof Hydrology 310(2005)253-265" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 117.0, 864.0, 212.0, 864.0, 212.0, 888.0, 117.0, 888.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "Abstract" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 235.0, 547.0, 1253.0, 547.0, 1253.0, 608.0, 235.0, 608.0 ], "score": 0.94, "text": "Patrick N.J. Laneac,*, Alice E. Bestb.c.d, Klaus Hickelb.c, Lu Zhangb." }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 117.0, 1794.0, 397.0, 1794.0, 397.0, 1817.0, 117.0, 1817.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "0022-1694/$ -see front matter" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 420.0, 1794.0, 770.0, 1794.0, 770.0, 1817.0, 420.0, 1817.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "2005 Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 119.0, 1824.0, 422.0, 1824.0, 422.0, 1842.0, 119.0, 1842.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.01.006" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 517.0, 193.0, 984.0, 193.0, 984.0, 220.0, 517.0, 220.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "Available online atwww.sciencedirect.com" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 601.0, 248.0, 723.0, 248.0, 723.0, 269.0, 601.0, 269.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "SCIENCE" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 791.0, 248.0, 897.0, 248.0, 897.0, 267.0, 791.0, 267.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "OIRECT" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 118.0, 1572.0, 865.0, 1572.0, 865.0, 1595.0, 118.0, 1595.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "Keywords: Afforestation; Flow duration curves; Flow reduction;Paired catchments" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 141.0, 1512.0, 537.0, 1512.0, 537.0, 1535.0, 141.0, 1535.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "2005 Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1084.0, 374.0, 1381.0, 374.0, 1381.0, 396.0, 1084.0, 396.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "www.elsevier.com/locate/jhydrol" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 519.0, 198.0, 981.0, 198.0, 981.0, 220.0, 519.0, 220.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "Availableonlineatwww.sciencedirect.com" } ], "page_info": { "page_no": 0, "height": 2064, "width": 1512 } }, { "layout_dets": [ { "category_id": 4, "poly": [ 793.3238525390625, 764.6008911132812, 1394.982177734375, 764.6008911132812, 1394.982177734375, 817.2584228515625, 793.3238525390625, 817.2584228515625 ], "score": 0.9999980926513672 }, { "category_id": 1, "poly": [ 794.8445434570312, 847.7525024414062, 1396.7862548828125, 847.7525024414062, 1396.7862548828125, 1280.268310546875, 794.8445434570312, 1280.268310546875 ], "score": 0.9999948740005493 }, { "category_id": 1, "poly": [ 794.4091796875, 1281.1240234375, 1397.727783203125, 1281.1240234375, 1397.727783203125, 1847.862060546875, 794.4091796875, 1847.862060546875 ], "score": 0.9999915957450867 }, { "category_id": 3, "poly": [ 800.3482055664062, 254.34396362304688, 1385.85546875, 254.34396362304688, 1385.85546875, 741.2379760742188, 800.3482055664062, 741.2379760742188 ], "score": 0.9999874830245972 }, { "category_id": 1, "poly": [ 131.33212280273438, 1017.2642211914062, 731.5430297851562, 1017.2642211914062, 731.5430297851562, 1848.0374755859375, 131.33212280273438, 1848.0374755859375 ], "score": 0.9999839663505554 }, { "category_id": 1, "poly": [ 132.01792907714844, 317.6101379394531, 731.1533813476562, 317.6101379394531, 731.1533813476562, 1015.9430541992188, 132.01792907714844, 1015.9430541992188 ], "score": 0.9999791979789734 }, { "category_id": 0, "poly": [ 130.92127990722656, 250.8260040283203, 312.45001220703125, 250.8260040283203, 312.45001220703125, 284.91973876953125, 130.92127990722656, 284.91973876953125 ], "score": 0.9999523162841797 }, { "category_id": 2, "poly": [ 130.0436248779297, 194.7170867919922, 166.79232788085938, 194.7170867919922, 166.79232788085938, 215.29795837402344, 130.0436248779297, 215.29795837402344 ], "score": 0.9999291300773621 }, { "category_id": 2, "poly": [ 480.5660400390625, 194.7841339111328, 1045.443115234375, 194.7841339111328, 1045.443115234375, 218.79908752441406, 480.5660400390625, 218.79908752441406 ], "score": 0.9998185038566589 }, { "category_id": 13, "poly": [ 984, 1180, 1065, 1180, 1065, 1211, 984, 1211 ], "score": 0.88, "latex": "<\\!20\\%" }, { "category_id": 13, "poly": [ 128, 1415, 183, 1415, 183, 1445, 128, 1445 ], "score": 0.86, "latex": "95\\%" }, { "category_id": 13, "poly": [ 573, 618, 723, 618, 723, 649, 573, 649 ], "score": 0.67, "latex": "400{-}500\\ \\mathrm{mm}" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 796.0, 768.0, 1390.0, 768.0, 1390.0, 790.0, 796.0, 790.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "Fig.1.Annual flow duration curves of daily flows from Pine Creek" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 796.0, 796.0, 993.0, 796.0, 993.0, 815.0, 796.0, 815.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "Australia,1989-2000." }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 796.0, 853.0, 1392.0, 853.0, 1392.0, 877.0, 796.0, 877.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "apply on a seasonal or shorter scale.Further, the" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 797.0, 886.0, 1391.0, 886.0, 1391.0, 912.0, 797.0, 912.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "observed impacts of any land use change on flows may" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 796.0, 920.0, 1391.0, 920.0, 1391.0, 944.0, 796.0, 944.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "beexaggerated or understated depending onthe" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 794.0, 952.0, 1393.0, 952.0, 1393.0, 978.0, 794.0, 978.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "prevailing climate.Observationsof flowduring" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 796.0, 987.0, 1392.0, 987.0, 1392.0, 1011.0, 796.0, 1011.0 ], "score": 0.95, "text": "extended wet or dry spells, or with high annual" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 797.0, 1021.0, 1392.0, 1021.0, 1392.0, 1045.0, 797.0, 1045.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "variability can obscure the real impacts. Fig. 1 plots" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 796.0, 1053.0, 1392.0, 1053.0, 1392.0, 1077.0, 796.0, 1077.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "annual FDCs over12years ofplantationgrowthforone" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 797.0, 1086.0, 1391.0, 1086.0, 1391.0, 1109.0, 797.0, 1109.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "of thecatchmentsusedin thisstudy,Pine Creek.The" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 796.0, 1120.0, 1390.0, 1120.0, 1390.0, 1145.0, 796.0, 1145.0 ], "score": 0.94, "text": "net change inflow is obscured byrainfallvariability:" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 796.0, 1155.0, 1391.0, 1155.0, 1391.0, 1175.0, 796.0, 1175.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "e.g.thegreatestchangeintheFDCisin1996,withthe" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 798.0, 1187.0, 983.0, 1187.0, 983.0, 1210.0, 798.0, 1210.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "streamflowing" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1066.0, 1187.0, 1391.0, 1187.0, 1391.0, 1210.0, 1066.0, 1210.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "ofthetime.Thismaybe" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 798.0, 1221.0, 1389.0, 1221.0, 1389.0, 1244.0, 798.0, 1244.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "comparedwith2o00,wherethereissubstantially" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 795.0, 1250.0, 940.0, 1250.0, 940.0, 1281.0, 795.0, 1281.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "higherflows." }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 832.0, 1287.0, 1393.0, 1287.0, 1393.0, 1310.0, 832.0, 1310.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "Thispaperpresentstheresultsof aproject aimed at" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 798.0, 1321.0, 1394.0, 1321.0, 1394.0, 1345.0, 798.0, 1345.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "quantifyingchangesinannualflowregimeof" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 795.0, 1353.0, 1393.0, 1353.0, 1393.0, 1380.0, 795.0, 1380.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "catchments following plantation establishment. The" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 797.0, 1389.0, 1392.0, 1389.0, 1392.0, 1411.0, 797.0, 1411.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "flowregimeisrepresentedbytheflowdurationcurve" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 797.0, 1420.0, 1393.0, 1420.0, 1393.0, 1443.0, 797.0, 1443.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "(FDC).Thekeyassumptionwasthatrainfalland" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 796.0, 1453.0, 1391.0, 1453.0, 1391.0, 1479.0, 796.0, 1479.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "forest age are the principal drivers of evapotranspira-" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 795.0, 1487.0, 1394.0, 1487.0, 1394.0, 1513.0, 795.0, 1513.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "tion. For any generalisation of response of the FDC to" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 799.0, 1521.0, 1393.0, 1521.0, 1393.0, 1545.0, 799.0, 1545.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "vegetation change, the variation in the annual climate" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 798.0, 1554.0, 1393.0, 1554.0, 1393.0, 1577.0, 798.0, 1577.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "signalmustberemoved.Thetime-testedsolutionto" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 797.0, 1588.0, 1393.0, 1588.0, 1393.0, 1612.0, 797.0, 1612.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "this problem is the paired-catchment (control versus" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 796.0, 1620.0, 1393.0, 1620.0, 1393.0, 1645.0, 796.0, 1645.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "treatment)experiment. The benefits in such studies" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 796.0, 1654.0, 1391.0, 1654.0, 1391.0, 1677.0, 796.0, 1677.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "aremanifold:unambiguousmeasuresoftrends," }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 796.0, 1688.0, 1391.0, 1688.0, 1391.0, 1712.0, 796.0, 1712.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "insights intothe processes driving those trends," }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 796.0, 1722.0, 1391.0, 1722.0, 1391.0, 1744.0, 796.0, 1744.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "excellentopportunitiesformodelparameterisation" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 796.0, 1752.0, 1390.0, 1752.0, 1390.0, 1777.0, 796.0, 1777.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "andvalidation.Howeverthesedataarenotreadily" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 797.0, 1787.0, 1391.0, 1787.0, 1391.0, 1811.0, 797.0, 1811.0 ], "score": 0.95, "text": "available for the range of treamtments and environ-" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 798.0, 1822.0, 1391.0, 1822.0, 1391.0, 1845.0, 798.0, 1845.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "ments required.Consequently, the aims of this project" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 166.0, 1022.0, 728.0, 1022.0, 728.0, 1047.0, 166.0, 1047.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "Zhang et al.(1999,2001）developed simple and" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 133.0, 1057.0, 728.0, 1057.0, 728.0, 1081.0, 133.0, 1081.0 ], "score": 0.95, "text": "easily parameterised models topredict changes in" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 132.0, 1089.0, 728.0, 1089.0, 728.0, 1113.0, 132.0, 1113.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "mean annual flows following afforestation. However," }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 132.0, 1121.0, 727.0, 1121.0, 727.0, 1147.0, 132.0, 1147.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "there is a need to consider the annual flow regime as the" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 133.0, 1158.0, 727.0, 1158.0, 727.0, 1181.0, 133.0, 1181.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "relativechangesinhighandlowflowsmayhave" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 131.0, 1189.0, 727.0, 1189.0, 727.0, 1214.0, 131.0, 1214.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "considerable site specific and downstream impacts." }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 133.0, 1221.0, 728.0, 1221.0, 728.0, 1246.0, 133.0, 1246.0 ], "score": 0.94, "text": "Sikka et al.(2003)recently showed a change from" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 132.0, 1256.0, 728.0, 1256.0, 728.0, 1279.0, 132.0, 1279.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "grasslandtoEucalyptusglobulusplantationsinIndia" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 132.0, 1288.0, 726.0, 1288.0, 726.0, 1313.0, 132.0, 1313.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "decreasedalowflowindexbyafactoroftwoduringthe" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 131.0, 1321.0, 729.0, 1321.0, 729.0, 1346.0, 131.0, 1346.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "first rotation (9 years), and by 3.75 during the second" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 133.0, 1355.0, 727.0, 1355.0, 727.0, 1379.0, 133.0, 1379.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "rotation, with more subdued impact on peak flows. The" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 131.0, 1387.0, 729.0, 1387.0, 729.0, 1414.0, 131.0, 1414.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "index was defined as the 10 day average flow exceeded" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 184.0, 1421.0, 727.0, 1421.0, 727.0, 1446.0, 184.0, 1446.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "of thetime,obtained from analysis of10-dayflow" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 132.0, 1454.0, 729.0, 1454.0, 729.0, 1480.0, 132.0, 1480.0 ], "score": 0.95, "text": "duration curves.Scott and Smith (1997） reported" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 131.0, 1488.0, 729.0, 1488.0, 729.0, 1515.0, 131.0, 1515.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "proportionallygreater reductionsinlowflows" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 133.0, 1522.0, 729.0, 1522.0, 729.0, 1545.0, 133.0, 1545.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "(75-1oothpercentiles)thanannualflowsfromSouth" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 135.0, 1556.0, 728.0, 1556.0, 728.0, 1576.0, 135.0, 1576.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "Africanresearchcatchmentsunderconversionsfrom" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 132.0, 1590.0, 729.0, 1590.0, 729.0, 1610.0, 132.0, 1610.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "grasstopineandeucalyptplantations,whileBosch" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 133.0, 1621.0, 727.0, 1621.0, 727.0, 1644.0, 133.0, 1644.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "(1979)foundthegreatestreductioninseasonalflow" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 131.0, 1653.0, 727.0, 1653.0, 727.0, 1678.0, 131.0, 1678.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "fromthesummerwetseason.FaheyandJackson" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 133.0, 1687.0, 727.0, 1687.0, 727.0, 1710.0, 133.0, 1710.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "(1997)reportedthereductioninpeakflowswastwice" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 132.0, 1719.0, 727.0, 1719.0, 727.0, 1742.0, 132.0, 1742.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "thatoftotalflowandlowflowsforpine afforestationin" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 132.0, 1755.0, 728.0, 1755.0, 728.0, 1778.0, 132.0, 1778.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "NewZealand.Thegeneralisationsthatcanbedrawn" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 131.0, 1785.0, 727.0, 1785.0, 727.0, 1813.0, 131.0, 1813.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "from annual analyses, where processes and hydrologic" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 133.0, 1822.0, 728.0, 1822.0, 728.0, 1845.0, 133.0, 1845.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "responsesaretoacertainextentintegratedmaynot" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 166.0, 322.0, 728.0, 322.0, 728.0, 350.0, 166.0, 350.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "Widespread afforestation through plantation estab-" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 355.0, 726.0, 355.0, 726.0, 384.0, 129.0, 384.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "lishment on non-forested land represents a potentially" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 133.0, 391.0, 726.0, 391.0, 726.0, 416.0, 133.0, 416.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "significantalterationofcatchmentevapotranspiration" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 133.0, 426.0, 728.0, 426.0, 728.0, 449.0, 133.0, 449.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "(ET).Usingdatacollatedfrommultiplecatchment" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 133.0, 458.0, 729.0, 458.0, 729.0, 480.0, 133.0, 480.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "studies,researchershavedemonstratedaconsistent" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 132.0, 489.0, 729.0, 489.0, 729.0, 514.0, 132.0, 514.0 ], "score": 0.95, "text": "difference in ET between forests and grass or short" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 133.0, 524.0, 729.0, 524.0, 729.0, 546.0, 133.0, 546.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "crops,andtherelationshipbetweenETandrainfallon" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 557.0, 728.0, 557.0, 728.0, 579.0, 129.0, 579.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "a meanannualbasis (Holmes andSinclair,1986;" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 131.0, 588.0, 727.0, 588.0, 727.0, 616.0, 131.0, 616.0 ], "score": 0.95, "text": "Vertessy and Bessard, 1999; Zhang et al., 1999," }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 132.0, 622.0, 572.0, 622.0, 572.0, 648.0, 132.0, 648.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "2001).Once annual rainfall exceeds" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 132.0, 657.0, 728.0, 657.0, 728.0, 681.0, 132.0, 681.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "there is an increasing divergence between forest and" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 131.0, 691.0, 728.0, 691.0, 728.0, 713.0, 131.0, 713.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "grasslandET(Zhangetal.,20o1).Researchfrom" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 133.0, 724.0, 728.0, 724.0, 728.0, 748.0, 133.0, 748.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "SouthAfrica inparticular has demonstratedflow" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 133.0, 758.0, 729.0, 758.0, 729.0, 781.0, 133.0, 781.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "reductionfollowingafforestationwithbothpineand" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 132.0, 791.0, 728.0, 791.0, 728.0, 813.0, 132.0, 813.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "eucalyptspecies(Bosch,1979;VanLilletal.,1980;" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 134.0, 824.0, 729.0, 824.0, 729.0, 847.0, 134.0, 847.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "VanWyk,1987;BoschandVonGadow,1990;Scott" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 132.0, 856.0, 727.0, 856.0, 727.0, 880.0, 132.0, 880.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "and Smith, 1997; Scott et al., 2000). In regions, where" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 133.0, 891.0, 728.0, 891.0, 728.0, 914.0, 133.0, 914.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "waterisanincreasinglyvaluableresource,prediction" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 134.0, 922.0, 727.0, 922.0, 727.0, 946.0, 134.0, 946.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "of the long-term hydrologic impact of afforestation is" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 132.0, 957.0, 728.0, 957.0, 728.0, 980.0, 132.0, 980.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "aprerequisitefortheoptimalplanningofcatchment" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 130.0, 987.0, 232.0, 987.0, 232.0, 1013.0, 130.0, 1013.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "landuse." }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 130.0, 253.0, 310.0, 253.0, 310.0, 282.0, 130.0, 282.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "1. Introduction" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 195.0, 167.0, 195.0, 167.0, 219.0, 129.0, 219.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "254" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 482.0, 197.0, 1040.0, 197.0, 1040.0, 220.0, 482.0, 220.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "P.N.J.Laneet al./JournalofHydrology310(2005)253-265" } ], "page_info": { "page_no": 1, "height": 2064, "width": 1512 } }, { "layout_dets": [ { "category_id": 0, "poly": [ 117.98583221435547, 651.4143676757812, 250.4243927001953, 651.4143676757812, 250.4243927001953, 681.6177978515625, 117.98583221435547, 681.6177978515625 ], "score": 0.9999960660934448 }, { "category_id": 1, "poly": [ 117.66859436035156, 252.15028381347656, 717.0852661132812, 252.15028381347656, 717.0852661132812, 583.2984619140625, 117.66859436035156, 583.2984619140625 ], "score": 0.9999945163726807 }, { "category_id": 1, "poly": [ 781.6583251953125, 254.4632568359375, 1380.35498046875, 254.4632568359375, 1380.35498046875, 383.93988037109375, 781.6583251953125, 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Methods" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 119.0, 259.0, 713.0, 259.0, 713.0, 282.0, 119.0, 282.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "wereto(1)fitamodeltotheobservedannualtime" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 119.0, 293.0, 715.0, 293.0, 715.0, 317.0, 119.0, 317.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "series of FDC percentiles; i.e. 10th percentile for each" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 115.0, 323.0, 714.0, 323.0, 714.0, 353.0, 115.0, 353.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "year of record with annual rainfall and plantation age" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 118.0, 360.0, 715.0, 360.0, 715.0, 382.0, 118.0, 382.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "asparameters,(2)replacetheannualrainfallvariation" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 120.0, 393.0, 715.0, 393.0, 715.0, 416.0, 120.0, 416.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "withthelongtermmeantoobtainclimateadjusted" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 423.0, 716.0, 423.0, 716.0, 452.0, 116.0, 452.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "FDCs, and (3) quantify changes in FDC percentiles as" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 118.0, 460.0, 714.0, 460.0, 714.0, 485.0, 118.0, 485.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "plantations age. 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Vogel and Fennessey (1994)" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 118.0, 1055.0, 712.0, 1055.0, 712.0, 1080.0, 118.0, 1080.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "and Smakhtin（1999,2001）demonstrate the utility" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 1088.0, 714.0, 1088.0, 714.0, 1116.0, 116.0, 1116.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "(and caveats) of FDCs in characterising, comparing" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 119.0, 1123.0, 715.0, 1123.0, 715.0, 1150.0, 119.0, 1150.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "and predicting flow regimes at varying temporal" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 117.0, 1155.0, 716.0, 1155.0, 716.0, 1180.0, 117.0, 1180.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "scales.Fig.1isanexampleof annualFDCs" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 119.0, 1190.0, 712.0, 1190.0, 712.0, 1212.0, 119.0, 1212.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "constructedfromdailyflows.Fortheconsideration" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 117.0, 1220.0, 714.0, 1220.0, 714.0, 1248.0, 117.0, 1248.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "of annual flow regime, daily fows are an appropriate" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 119.0, 1257.0, 474.0, 1257.0, 474.0, 1280.0, 119.0, 1280.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "timestepforFDCconstruction." }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 787.0, 524.0, 855.0, 524.0, 855.0, 548.0, 787.0, 548.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "where" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 898.0, 524.0, 1149.0, 524.0, 1149.0, 548.0, 898.0, 548.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "is the percentile flow," }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1202.0, 524.0, 1380.0, 524.0, 1380.0, 548.0, 1202.0, 548.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "is a function of" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 783.0, 558.0, 929.0, 558.0, 929.0, 581.0, 783.0, 581.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "rainfalland" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 983.0, 558.0, 1378.0, 558.0, 1378.0, 581.0, 983.0, 581.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "isafunctionoftheageofthe" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 783.0, 590.0, 1379.0, 590.0, 1379.0, 613.0, 783.0, 613.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "plantation.Annualrainfallwaschosenastherainfall" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 784.0, 624.0, 1380.0, 624.0, 1380.0, 647.0, 784.0, 647.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "statisticasitprovedtobethemostrobustpredictorof" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 783.0, 656.0, 1379.0, 656.0, 1379.0, 682.0, 783.0, 682.0 ], "score": 0.95, "text": "flow over the whole range of flow percentiles,as" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 785.0, 692.0, 1379.0, 692.0, 1379.0, 716.0, 785.0, 716.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "compared with rainfall percentiles; e.g. median rain-" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 781.0, 720.0, 1380.0, 720.0, 1380.0, 748.0, 781.0, 748.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "fall versus 1oth flow percentile. The use of annual" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 783.0, 757.0, 1378.0, 757.0, 1378.0, 781.0, 783.0, 781.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "rainfall also minimises parameter complexity. 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The model took the form:" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 152.0, 1288.0, 712.0, 1288.0, 712.0, 1313.0, 152.0, 1313.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "FDCswerecomputedfromthedistributionofdaily" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 119.0, 1322.0, 712.0, 1322.0, 712.0, 1347.0, 119.0, 1347.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "flowsforeachyearofrecordbasedonthe appropriate" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 119.0, 1356.0, 714.0, 1356.0, 714.0, 1378.0, 119.0, 1378.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "wateryears(May-AprilorNovember-October）for" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 119.0, 1389.0, 714.0, 1389.0, 714.0, 1413.0, 119.0, 1413.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "10Southern Hemisphere catchments.Each 10th" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 118.0, 1423.0, 715.0, 1423.0, 715.0, 1444.0, 118.0, 1444.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "percentile(decile)wasextractedfromtheannual" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 117.0, 1454.0, 715.0, 1454.0, 715.0, 1479.0, 117.0, 1479.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "FDCsofeachcatchmenttoformthedatasetsfor" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 121.0, 1490.0, 714.0, 1490.0, 714.0, 1513.0, 121.0, 1513.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "analysis.For thepurposeof characterisingchanges in" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 120.0, 1522.0, 715.0, 1522.0, 715.0, 1545.0, 120.0, 1545.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "eachofthedeciles,itisassumedthatthetimeseriesis" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 120.0, 1556.0, 714.0, 1556.0, 714.0, 1579.0, 120.0, 1579.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "principallyafunctionofclimateandvegetation" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 121.0, 1588.0, 714.0, 1588.0, 714.0, 1611.0, 121.0, 1611.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "characteristics.Givenrainfallisgenerallythemost" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 121.0, 1622.0, 715.0, 1622.0, 715.0, 1645.0, 121.0, 1645.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "importantfactoraffectingstreamflowandthemost" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 119.0, 1654.0, 714.0, 1654.0, 714.0, 1677.0, 119.0, 1677.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "easilyaccesseddata,itischosentorepresentthe" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 119.0, 1687.0, 716.0, 1687.0, 716.0, 1713.0, 119.0, 1713.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "climate. 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For" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 783.0, 1654.0, 1195.0, 1654.0, 1195.0, 1680.0, 783.0, 1680.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "the average pre-treatment condition" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1279.0, 1654.0, 1312.0, 1654.0, 1312.0, 1680.0, 1279.0, 1680.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "at" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 822.0, 1687.0, 1074.0, 1687.0, 1074.0, 1713.0, 822.0, 1713.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "approximately equals" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1141.0, 1687.0, 1378.0, 1687.0, 1378.0, 1713.0, 1141.0, 1713.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "Estimation of a pre-" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 784.0, 1721.0, 1378.0, 1721.0, 1378.0, 1745.0, 784.0, 1745.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "afforestationconditionwouldnot requirethetime" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 782.0, 1754.0, 1380.0, 1754.0, 1380.0, 1778.0, 782.0, 1778.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "term.Details of the optimisation scheme and" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 783.0, 1787.0, 1378.0, 1787.0, 1378.0, 1812.0, 783.0, 1812.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "sensitivity tests oninitialparametervalues aregiven" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 783.0, 1820.0, 1018.0, 1820.0, 1018.0, 1844.0, 783.0, 1844.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "in Lane et al. 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The high" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 433.0, 888.0, 716.0, 888.0, 716.0, 912.0, 433.0, 912.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "for 50-100th deciles at" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 119.0, 924.0, 314.0, 924.0, 314.0, 947.0, 119.0, 947.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "Biesievlei,where" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 335.0, 924.0, 714.0, 924.0, 714.0, 947.0, 335.0, 947.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "was notsignificant are notable.In" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 120.0, 957.0, 714.0, 957.0, 714.0, 980.0, 120.0, 980.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "generalthemodelfitsthehigherflows(lowerdeciles)" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 119.0, 990.0, 715.0, 990.0, 715.0, 1012.0, 119.0, 1012.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "better,mostofthepoorerfitsareinthe80-100" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 118.0, 1024.0, 714.0, 1024.0, 714.0, 1045.0, 118.0, 1045.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "percentilerange.Thiscanbeexpectedgiventheresults" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 119.0, 1056.0, 459.0, 1056.0, 459.0, 1078.0, 119.0, 1078.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "ofthesignificancetestsfor" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 479.0, 1056.0, 714.0, 1056.0, 714.0, 1078.0, 479.0, 1078.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": ".Theresultsofthe" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 117.0, 1089.0, 565.0, 1089.0, 565.0, 1114.0, 117.0, 1114.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "sensitivityanalysissuggestedthat the" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 591.0, 1089.0, 716.0, 1089.0, 716.0, 1114.0, 591.0, 1114.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "valuesfor" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 119.0, 1122.0, 714.0, 1122.0, 714.0, 1146.0, 119.0, 1146.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "Glendhu 2 and for 10th and 20th percentiles from" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 118.0, 1155.0, 714.0, 1155.0, 714.0, 1179.0, 118.0, 1179.0 ], "score": 0.95, "text": "Cathedral Peak3 may exaggerate the goodness offit to" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 119.0, 1189.0, 642.0, 1189.0, 642.0, 1212.0, 119.0, 1212.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "theexactformof themodel (Laneet al.,2003)" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 817.0, 1051.0, 1379.0, 1051.0, 1379.0, 1076.0, 817.0, 1076.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "Therelative net flowchangedue toafforestation is" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 785.0, 1086.0, 877.0, 1086.0, 877.0, 1109.0, 785.0, 1109.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "givenby" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 976.0, 1086.0, 1377.0, 1086.0, 1377.0, 1109.0, 976.0, 1109.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": ",whichrepresentsthechangefromthe" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 785.0, 1118.0, 1379.0, 1118.0, 1379.0, 1142.0, 785.0, 1142.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "old equilibrium water use condition of pre-treatment" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 784.0, 1152.0, 1381.0, 1152.0, 1381.0, 1175.0, 784.0, 1175.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "vegetationtothenewequilibriumconditionatforest" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 785.0, 1186.0, 1379.0, 1186.0, 1379.0, 1210.0, 785.0, 1210.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "canopy closure. This quantity is plotted for all catchments" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 783.0, 1218.0, 1378.0, 1218.0, 1378.0, 1241.0, 783.0, 1241.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "in Fig.4.Somedecileshavebeen removedfrom thedata" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 784.0, 1252.0, 1378.0, 1252.0, 1378.0, 1274.0, 784.0, 1274.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "set,the10thand50thpercentileforGlendhu2andthe" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 787.0, 1284.0, 1378.0, 1284.0, 1378.0, 1308.0, 787.0, 1308.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "10th and 20th percentiles from Cathedral Peak 3. The" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 785.0, 1317.0, 1378.0, 1317.0, 1378.0, 1342.0, 785.0, 1342.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "optimisedvalueofawaszeroornearzeroforthesecases," }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 786.0, 1352.0, 1378.0, 1352.0, 1378.0, 1375.0, 786.0, 1375.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "whichisnotconsistentwith theconceptualmodel.The" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 786.0, 1385.0, 1378.0, 1385.0, 1378.0, 1409.0, 786.0, 1409.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "changes shown in Fig. 4 are variable. However, there are" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 785.0, 1419.0, 1377.0, 1419.0, 1377.0, 1443.0, 785.0, 1443.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "some commonalities between catchment responses. Two" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 783.0, 1452.0, 1379.0, 1452.0, 1379.0, 1476.0, 783.0, 1476.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "types of responses (groups) were identified. 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308.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "Published flow reductions from paired catchment analyses, after Scott et al. (2000), Hickel (2001), Nandakumar and Mein (1993) and Fahey and" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 117.0, 313.0, 679.0, 313.0, 679.0, 337.0, 117.0, 337.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "Jackson(1997) compared to estimated reductions in this study" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 818.0, 1063.0, 1379.0, 1063.0, 1379.0, 1087.0, 818.0, 1087.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "As this analysis could only be applied, where there" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 781.0, 1095.0, 1380.0, 1095.0, 1380.0, 1122.0, 781.0, 1122.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "was consistent drying up of streams, it was confined to" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 784.0, 1130.0, 1378.0, 1130.0, 1378.0, 1151.0, 784.0, 1151.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "StewartsCreek,PineCreekandRedhillcatchments.The" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 783.0, 1162.0, 1077.0, 1162.0, 1077.0, 1186.0, 783.0, 1186.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "modelreturnedvaluesof" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1102.0, 1162.0, 1378.0, 1162.0, 1378.0, 1186.0, 1102.0, 1186.0 ], "score": 0.94, "text": "of 0.95, 0.99and 0.99," }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 784.0, 1197.0, 989.0, 1197.0, 989.0, 1222.0, 784.0, 1222.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "respectively.The" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1004.0, 1197.0, 1112.0, 1197.0, 1112.0, 1222.0, 1004.0, 1222.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "-testson" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1134.0, 1197.0, 1200.0, 1197.0, 1200.0, 1222.0, 1134.0, 1222.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "and" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1278.0, 1197.0, 1380.0, 1197.0, 1380.0, 1222.0, 1278.0, 1222.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "returned" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 783.0, 1230.0, 1380.0, 1230.0, 1380.0, 1254.0, 783.0, 1254.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "significant results at the 0.05 level for both parameters at" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 783.0, 1261.0, 1379.0, 1261.0, 1379.0, 1286.0, 783.0, 1286.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "allthreecatchments.Theclimateadjustedzeroflow" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 783.0, 1295.0, 1377.0, 1295.0, 1377.0, 1319.0, 783.0, 1319.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "days are shown in Fig. 5. The increases in zero flow days" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 782.0, 1330.0, 1295.0, 1330.0, 1295.0, 1351.0, 782.0, 1351.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "aresubstantialwithflowsconfinedtolessthan" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1351.0, 1330.0, 1379.0, 1330.0, 1379.0, 1351.0, 1351.0, 1351.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "of" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 783.0, 1360.0, 1106.0, 1360.0, 1106.0, 1387.0, 783.0, 1387.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "thetimebyyear8 atStewarts" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1145.0, 1360.0, 1245.0, 1360.0, 1245.0, 1387.0, 1145.0, 1387.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "and Pine" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1284.0, 1360.0, 1378.0, 1360.0, 1378.0, 1387.0, 1284.0, 1387.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "and year" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 783.0, 1393.0, 1380.0, 1393.0, 1380.0, 1420.0, 783.0, 1420.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "11 at Redhill. The latter has changed from an almost" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 779.0, 1428.0, 1379.0, 1428.0, 1379.0, 1454.0, 779.0, 1454.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "permanent to a highly intermittent stream. The curves" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 782.0, 1462.0, 1379.0, 1462.0, 1379.0, 1486.0, 782.0, 1486.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "are also in sensible agreement with the flow reductions" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 781.0, 1493.0, 882.0, 1493.0, 882.0, 1521.0, 781.0, 1521.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "in Fig. 4." }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 152.0, 1247.0, 714.0, 1247.0, 714.0, 1272.0, 152.0, 1272.0 ], "score": 0.94, "text": "A further check on the overall model performance is" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 119.0, 1283.0, 714.0, 1283.0, 714.0, 1304.0, 119.0, 1304.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "acomparisonwithpublishedresultsofpairedcatchment" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 120.0, 1316.0, 714.0, 1316.0, 714.0, 1339.0, 120.0, 1339.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "studies.Thedatathatcanbecomparedwithourresults" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 120.0, 1350.0, 714.0, 1350.0, 714.0, 1374.0, 120.0, 1374.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "are presented in Table 5 and can be broadly compared" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 119.0, 1381.0, 714.0, 1381.0, 714.0, 1406.0, 119.0, 1406.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "with Fig. 4. These data are reductions in years with near" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 118.0, 1415.0, 717.0, 1415.0, 717.0, 1440.0, 118.0, 1440.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "average annual rainfall,and at a time after treatment" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 120.0, 1450.0, 714.0, 1450.0, 714.0, 1474.0, 120.0, 1474.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "when maximum changes in streamflow have occurred." }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 119.0, 1483.0, 714.0, 1483.0, 714.0, 1506.0, 119.0, 1506.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "Table5alsoincludesestimatesonthetotalandlowflow" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 118.0, 1516.0, 713.0, 1516.0, 713.0, 1541.0, 118.0, 1541.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "reductions calculated from this study.Results from Pine" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 120.0, 1552.0, 716.0, 1552.0, 716.0, 1576.0, 120.0, 1576.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "Creek and Traralgon Creek are not included in Table 5" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 118.0, 1584.0, 715.0, 1584.0, 715.0, 1609.0, 118.0, 1609.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "as these catchments are not paired.Exact comparisons" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 120.0, 1619.0, 714.0, 1619.0, 714.0, 1643.0, 120.0, 1643.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "are impossible because of the rainfall variability, and" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 117.0, 1650.0, 713.0, 1650.0, 713.0, 1678.0, 117.0, 1678.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "lack of calibration period for Redhill. Despite this," }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 118.0, 1684.0, 714.0, 1684.0, 714.0, 1709.0, 118.0, 1709.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "Table5showsthattotalandlowflowreductions" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 120.0, 1720.0, 714.0, 1720.0, 714.0, 1744.0, 120.0, 1744.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "estimated from our study are comparable to the results" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 119.0, 1753.0, 714.0, 1753.0, 714.0, 1776.0, 119.0, 1776.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "frompairedcatchmentstudies,indicating that our" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 121.0, 1787.0, 714.0, 1787.0, 714.0, 1811.0, 121.0, 1811.0 ], "score": 0.95, "text": "simple model has successfully removed the rainfall" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 120.0, 1820.0, 187.0, 1820.0, 187.0, 1846.0, 120.0, 1846.0 ], "score": 0.95, "text": "signal." }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 781.0, 1617.0, 928.0, 1617.0, 928.0, 1645.0, 781.0, 1645.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "5. Discussion" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 817.0, 1687.0, 1378.0, 1687.0, 1378.0, 1712.0, 817.0, 1712.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "The aims of the project have largely been met. The" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 782.0, 1721.0, 1377.0, 1721.0, 1377.0, 1745.0, 782.0, 1745.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "general characterisation of FDCs and adjustment fon" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 782.0, 1754.0, 1380.0, 1754.0, 1380.0, 1781.0, 782.0, 1781.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "climate has been very encouraging given the task of" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 785.0, 1788.0, 1380.0, 1788.0, 1380.0, 1812.0, 785.0, 1812.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "fitting our model to 10 flow percentiles, for 10 different" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 781.0, 1819.0, 1378.0, 1819.0, 1378.0, 1846.0, 781.0, 1846.0 ], "score": 0.93, "text": "catchments (resulting in 1oo model fits） with" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 118.0, 995.0, 711.0, 995.0, 711.0, 1019.0, 118.0, 1019.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "catchments and the lower deciles at Lambrechtsbos B" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 117.0, 1028.0, 168.0, 1028.0, 168.0, 1056.0, 117.0, 1056.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "The" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 222.0, 1028.0, 710.0, 1028.0, 710.0, 1056.0, 222.0, 1056.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "from Glendhu 2 appears to be substantially" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 118.0, 1064.0, 711.0, 1064.0, 711.0, 1088.0, 118.0, 1088.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "lower than other published data (Fahey and Jackson" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 118.0, 1095.0, 187.0, 1095.0, 187.0, 1122.0, 118.0, 1122.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "1997)." }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 783.0, 994.0, 987.0, 994.0, 987.0, 1020.0, 783.0, 1020.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "4.5.Zerofowdays" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1345.0, 195.0, 1381.0, 195.0, 1381.0, 219.0, 1345.0, 219.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "261" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 120.0, 1182.0, 626.0, 1182.0, 626.0, 1205.0, 120.0, 1205.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "4.4.Comparisonwithpairedcatchmentstudies" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 469.0, 197.0, 1028.0, 197.0, 1028.0, 220.0, 469.0, 220.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "P.N.J.Laneet al./JournalofHydrology310(2005)253-265" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 127.0, 696.0, 1381.0, 696.0, 1381.0, 727.0, 127.0, 727.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "a Rainfall refers to the rainfall in the year used for comparison of results. The value in brackets refers to the deviation from the mean annual" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 117.0, 728.0, 406.0, 728.0, 406.0, 751.0, 117.0, 751.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "rainfall for the period of record." }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 124.0, 748.0, 463.0, 748.0, 463.0, 782.0, 124.0, 782.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "b Total fow reduction calculated by" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 608.0, 748.0, 740.0, 748.0, 740.0, 782.0, 608.0, 782.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "for all deciles." }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 126.0, 777.0, 457.0, 777.0, 457.0, 808.0, 126.0, 808.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "c Low fow reduction calculated by" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 602.0, 777.0, 772.0, 777.0, 772.0, 808.0, 602.0, 808.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "for 70, 80, 90 and" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 828.0, 777.0, 933.0, 777.0, 933.0, 808.0, 828.0, 808.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "percentiles." }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 126.0, 803.0, 374.0, 803.0, 374.0, 839.0, 126.0, 839.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "d For Cathedral Peak 3 the" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 391.0, 803.0, 430.0, 803.0, 430.0, 839.0, 391.0, 839.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "and" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 449.0, 803.0, 639.0, 803.0, 639.0, 839.0, 449.0, 839.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "values for the 10 and" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 685.0, 803.0, 1065.0, 803.0, 1065.0, 839.0, 685.0, 839.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "percentiles were excluded as the values of" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1081.0, 803.0, 1380.0, 803.0, 1380.0, 839.0, 1081.0, 839.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "were lower then the values of the" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 116.0, 836.0, 309.0, 836.0, 309.0, 861.0, 116.0, 861.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "30-100th percentiles." } ], "page_info": { "page_no": 8, "height": 2064, "width": 1512 } }, { "layout_dets": [ { "category_id": 4, "poly": [ 131.2040557861328, 1337.5989990234375, 733.35986328125, 1337.5989990234375, 733.35986328125, 1417.8536376953125, 131.2040557861328, 1417.8536376953125 ], "score": 0.9999973177909851 }, { "category_id": 1, "poly": [ 131.22463989257812, 1444.04736328125, 731.0685424804688, 1444.04736328125, 731.0685424804688, 1847.82861328125, 131.22463989257812, 1847.82861328125 ], "score": 0.9999927282333374 }, { "category_id": 1, "poly": [ 794.774169921875, 255.46112060546875, 1396.0106201171875, 255.46112060546875, 1396.0106201171875, 1082.3992919921875, 794.774169921875, 1082.3992919921875 ], "score": 0.9999898672103882 }, { "category_id": 3, "poly": [ 134.4781036376953, 257.3968200683594, 736.1229248046875, 257.3968200683594, 736.1229248046875, 1314.7186279296875, 134.4781036376953, 1314.7186279296875 ], "score": 0.9999856948852539 }, { "category_id": 2, "poly": [ 131.43182373046875, 196.0782012939453, 165.26609802246094, 196.0782012939453, 165.26609802246094, 215.07960510253906, 131.43182373046875, 215.07960510253906 ], "score": 0.9999679923057556 }, { "category_id": 1, "poly": [ 795.1036376953125, 1085.7911376953125, 1395.2923583984375, 1085.7911376953125, 1395.2923583984375, 1847.192138671875, 795.1036376953125, 1847.192138671875 ], "score": 0.9999593496322632 }, { "category_id": 2, "poly": [ 480.6620178222656, 195.42437744140625, 1044.6075439453125, 195.42437744140625, 1044.6075439453125, 218.66488647460938, 480.6620178222656, 218.66488647460938 ], "score": 0.9999507665634155 }, { "category_id": 13, "poly": [ 1045, 452, 1098, 452, 1098, 482, 1045, 482 ], "score": 0.87, "latex": "27\\%" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 130.0, 1341.0, 729.0, 1341.0, 729.0, 1364.0, 130.0, 1364.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "Fig.5. Number of zero flow days for average rainfall following" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 132.0, 1369.0, 727.0, 1369.0, 727.0, 1388.0, 132.0, 1388.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "afforestationforStewartsCreek5,RedhillandPineCreek." }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 131.0, 1397.0, 218.0, 1397.0, 218.0, 1416.0, 131.0, 1416.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "Australia." }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 132.0, 1447.0, 727.0, 1447.0, 727.0, 1476.0, 132.0, 1476.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "substantially varying spatial scales, soils and geology," }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 133.0, 1483.0, 727.0, 1483.0, 727.0, 1506.0, 133.0, 1506.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "speciesplantedandclimaticenvironments.Although" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 132.0, 1516.0, 727.0, 1516.0, 727.0, 1539.0, 132.0, 1539.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "there were poor resultsfor individual deciles,the FDCs" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 133.0, 1551.0, 728.0, 1551.0, 728.0, 1575.0, 133.0, 1575.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "at eight of the10 catchments were adequatelydescribed" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 131.0, 1583.0, 729.0, 1583.0, 729.0, 1607.0, 131.0, 1607.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "by Eq. (2). The results of the statistical tests in which the" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 132.0, 1618.0, 727.0, 1618.0, 727.0, 1642.0, 132.0, 1642.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "rainfall term was significant for most deciles demon-" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 133.0, 1651.0, 727.0, 1651.0, 727.0, 1678.0, 133.0, 1678.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "strated the model structure was appropriate for adjusting" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 132.0, 1685.0, 728.0, 1685.0, 728.0, 1709.0, 132.0, 1709.0 ], "score": 0.95, "text": "the FDCs for climatic (rainfall) variability.The" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 134.0, 1720.0, 728.0, 1720.0, 728.0, 1744.0, 134.0, 1744.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "comparisons of our results with published paired" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 131.0, 1752.0, 728.0, 1752.0, 728.0, 1777.0, 131.0, 1777.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "catchmentanalyses are satisfactory,althoughthe" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 134.0, 1787.0, 729.0, 1787.0, 729.0, 1811.0, 134.0, 1811.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "different methodologies make direct comparisons of" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 133.0, 1820.0, 730.0, 1820.0, 730.0, 1844.0, 133.0, 1844.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "deciles withtotalflowuncertain.Lowflows at" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 796.0, 259.0, 1390.0, 259.0, 1390.0, 282.0, 796.0, 282.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "LambrechtsbosBappeartobeover-estimatedbyour" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 797.0, 294.0, 1390.0, 294.0, 1390.0, 317.0, 797.0, 317.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "model, which is unsurprising as the model fit was poor." }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 798.0, 326.0, 1392.0, 326.0, 1392.0, 350.0, 798.0, 350.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "The remaining four South African catchments, and also" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 796.0, 359.0, 1392.0, 359.0, 1392.0, 383.0, 796.0, 383.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "Redhill and Stewarts Creek are in good agreement with" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 797.0, 391.0, 1395.0, 391.0, 1395.0, 418.0, 797.0, 418.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "the published values, particularly when the deviation of" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 797.0, 426.0, 1392.0, 426.0, 1392.0, 450.0, 797.0, 450.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "average rainfall is considered. Glendhu 2 reductions are" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 797.0, 459.0, 1044.0, 459.0, 1044.0, 483.0, 797.0, 483.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "closetothereported" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1099.0, 459.0, 1392.0, 459.0, 1392.0, 483.0, 1099.0, 483.0 ], "score": 0.95, "text": ",but our model produces" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 796.0, 493.0, 1390.0, 493.0, 1390.0, 516.0, 796.0, 516.0 ], "score": 0.95, "text": "a heavier impact on thelower flows. Overall, it appears" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 796.0, 525.0, 1393.0, 525.0, 1393.0, 548.0, 796.0, 548.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "therearenosignificantdiscrepancieswiththepublished" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 796.0, 559.0, 1391.0, 559.0, 1391.0, 583.0, 796.0, 583.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "paired catchment analyses.We suggest our technique" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 796.0, 593.0, 1393.0, 593.0, 1393.0, 615.0, 796.0, 615.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "representsanalternativetothepaired-catchmentmethod" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 623.0, 1392.0, 623.0, 1392.0, 651.0, 793.0, 651.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "for assessing hydrologic response to vegetation treat-" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 795.0, 659.0, 1393.0, 659.0, 1393.0, 679.0, 795.0, 679.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "ment,wherepaireddataareunavailable.Themethod" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 794.0, 690.0, 1392.0, 690.0, 1392.0, 713.0, 794.0, 713.0 ], "score": 0.95, "text": "has not yet resultedin a predictive model,but has" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 796.0, 725.0, 1392.0, 725.0, 1392.0, 748.0, 796.0, 748.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "increasedourknowledgeof afforestationimpacts.This" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 794.0, 756.0, 1396.0, 756.0, 1396.0, 783.0, 794.0, 783.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "is a valuable outcome given the contentious issue of" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 798.0, 789.0, 1392.0, 789.0, 1392.0, 813.0, 798.0, 813.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "afforestation in Australia and other countries, and a" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 796.0, 824.0, 1393.0, 824.0, 1393.0, 846.0, 796.0, 846.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "currentpaucityofdataoninter-annualflows.Itshould" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 793.0, 855.0, 1391.0, 855.0, 1391.0, 884.0, 793.0, 884.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "be noted that nine of the 10 catchment were pine species." }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 794.0, 889.0, 1394.0, 889.0, 1394.0, 914.0, 794.0, 914.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "Moredataisrequiredtocomparetheimpactof" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 796.0, 924.0, 1391.0, 924.0, 1391.0, 948.0, 796.0, 948.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "hardwood species, particularly eucalypts, on the FDC." }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 798.0, 956.0, 1391.0, 956.0, 1391.0, 979.0, 798.0, 979.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "Unfortunately thesedata arecurrentlyscarce.Thereare" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 796.0, 988.0, 1392.0, 988.0, 1392.0, 1014.0, 796.0, 1014.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "substantial data on the physiological controls of eucalypt" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 797.0, 1024.0, 1393.0, 1024.0, 1393.0, 1047.0, 797.0, 1047.0 ], "score": 0.95, "text": "water use(seeWhitehead andBeadle,2004),butnot at" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 797.0, 1058.0, 1010.0, 1058.0, 1010.0, 1079.0, 797.0, 1079.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "thecatchmentscale" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 129.0, 195.0, 167.0, 195.0, 167.0, 219.0, 129.0, 219.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "262" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 830.0, 1088.0, 1393.0, 1088.0, 1393.0, 1113.0, 830.0, 1113.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "Themodelfitsshowwehavequantifiedthenet" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 798.0, 1123.0, 1390.0, 1123.0, 1390.0, 1147.0, 798.0, 1147.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "impactofafforestationforthemajorityoftheflow" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 794.0, 1156.0, 1393.0, 1156.0, 1393.0, 1180.0, 794.0, 1180.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "percentiles in the 10 catchments. Results for the 10-50th" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 794.0, 1190.0, 1394.0, 1190.0, 1394.0, 1215.0, 794.0, 1215.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "percentiles wereparticularlyencouraging.Itisnot" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 796.0, 1224.0, 1391.0, 1224.0, 1391.0, 1245.0, 796.0, 1245.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "surprisingthattherelationshipbetweenrainfallandflow" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 796.0, 1254.0, 1391.0, 1254.0, 1391.0, 1279.0, 796.0, 1279.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "diminishes at lower flows (60-100th percentile),where" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 796.0, 1289.0, 1392.0, 1289.0, 1392.0, 1312.0, 796.0, 1312.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "seasonalstorageeffectsandrainfalldistributionbecome" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 796.0, 1323.0, 1393.0, 1323.0, 1393.0, 1345.0, 796.0, 1345.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "moreimportantdriversforrunoffgeneration.The" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 794.0, 1355.0, 1393.0, 1355.0, 1393.0, 1378.0, 794.0, 1378.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "poorestmodelfitsweregainedforLambrechtsbosA" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 797.0, 1388.0, 1392.0, 1388.0, 1392.0, 1411.0, 797.0, 1411.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "andB.ThelikelyreasonatLambrechtsbosAisan" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 797.0, 1421.0, 1393.0, 1421.0, 1393.0, 1444.0, 797.0, 1444.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "observedannualdecreaseinstandwateruseafter12" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 795.0, 1456.0, 1392.0, 1456.0, 1392.0, 1477.0, 795.0, 1477.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "years(Scottetal.,2000)whichdoesnotconformtothe" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 797.0, 1489.0, 1394.0, 1489.0, 1394.0, 1511.0, 797.0, 1511.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "sigmoidalformofourmodeloverthefull19yearsof" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 796.0, 1521.0, 1393.0, 1521.0, 1393.0, 1544.0, 796.0, 1544.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "record.Thefailureof themodel tofit thelower flows at" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 794.0, 1553.0, 1393.0, 1553.0, 1393.0, 1578.0, 794.0, 1578.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "LambrechtsbosB is not as explicable.A decrease in" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 797.0, 1588.0, 1392.0, 1588.0, 1392.0, 1611.0, 797.0, 1611.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "standwateruseinthiscatchmentisobservedasthe" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 796.0, 1622.0, 1392.0, 1622.0, 1392.0, 1645.0, 796.0, 1645.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "plantation ages,butdoesnot occur during thefirst 20" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 795.0, 1656.0, 1391.0, 1656.0, 1391.0, 1677.0, 795.0, 1677.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "yearsaftertreatment(Scottetal.,2000).Otherdatafrom" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 796.0, 1685.0, 1392.0, 1685.0, 1392.0, 1711.0, 796.0, 1711.0 ], "score": 0.92, "text": "South Africa (Scott et al.,2000)indicate there are" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 797.0, 1718.0, 1389.0, 1718.0, 1389.0, 1745.0, 797.0, 1745.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "diminished flow reductions as plantations age, but again" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 795.0, 1754.0, 1393.0, 1754.0, 1393.0, 1779.0, 795.0, 1779.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "generally after 20 years.Our use of an asymptotic curve" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 797.0, 1788.0, 1393.0, 1788.0, 1393.0, 1810.0, 797.0, 1810.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "assumesanewequilibriumofstandwateruseis" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 795.0, 1818.0, 1390.0, 1818.0, 1390.0, 1846.0, 795.0, 1846.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "reached. The results of the model fitting generally justify" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 481.0, 196.0, 1042.0, 196.0, 1042.0, 220.0, 481.0, 220.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "P.N.J.Lane et al./ Journal of Hydrology 310(2005) 253-265" } ], "page_info": { "page_no": 9, "height": 2064, "width": 1512 } }, { "layout_dets": [ { "category_id": 1, "poly": [ 117.55418395996094, 251.62586975097656, 717.4569702148438, 251.62586975097656, 717.4569702148438, 582.5938720703125, 117.55418395996094, 582.5938720703125 ], "score": 0.9999960660934448 }, { "category_id": 1, "poly": [ 781.7598266601562, 253.2869873046875, 1382.113525390625, 253.2869873046875, 1382.113525390625, 749.5455322265625, 781.7598266601562, 749.5455322265625 ], "score": 0.9999920129776001 }, { "category_id": 1, "poly": [ 780.9730224609375, 1416.1875, 1381.69287109375, 1416.1875, 1381.69287109375, 1847.7166748046875, 780.9730224609375, 1847.7166748046875 ], "score": 0.9999914169311523 }, { "category_id": 1, "poly": [ 117.01396942138672, 1416.33447265625, 717.9161987304688, 1416.33447265625, 717.9161987304688, 1848.1839599609375, 117.01396942138672, 1848.1839599609375 ], "score": 0.9999870657920837 }, { "category_id": 1, "poly": [ 781.1908569335938, 752.2108154296875, 1380.9827880859375, 752.2108154296875, 1380.9827880859375, 1280.6949462890625, 781.1908569335938, 1280.6949462890625 ], "score": 0.9999850988388062 }, { "category_id": 1, "poly": [ 117.43836975097656, 885.7890014648438, 718.2291870117188, 885.7890014648438, 718.2291870117188, 1415.08984375, 117.43836975097656, 1415.08984375 ], "score": 0.9999825358390808 }, { "category_id": 1, "poly": [ 118.48710632324219, 587.1766357421875, 716.4562377929688, 587.1766357421875, 716.4562377929688, 883.3397216796875, 118.48710632324219, 883.3397216796875 ], "score": 0.9999718070030212 }, { "category_id": 2, "poly": [ 1346.4129638671875, 196.0000762939453, 1381.5977783203125, 196.0000762939453, 1381.5977783203125, 216.04489135742188, 1346.4129638671875, 216.04489135742188 ], "score": 0.9999490976333618 }, { "category_id": 0, "poly": [ 781.2360229492188, 1351.0572509765625, 1112.8250732421875, 1351.0572509765625, 1112.8250732421875, 1380.2672119140625, 781.2360229492188, 1380.2672119140625 ], "score": 0.9996971487998962 }, { "category_id": 2, "poly": [ 466.37176513671875, 195.2890167236328, 1031.220458984375, 195.2890167236328, 1031.220458984375, 219.7666778564453, 466.37176513671875, 219.7666778564453 ], "score": 0.9995570182800293 }, { "category_id": 13, "poly": [ 510, 1017, 563, 1017, 563, 1047, 510, 1047 ], "score": 0.89, "latex": "85\\%" }, { "category_id": 13, "poly": [ 1121, 321, 1143, 321, 1143, 347, 1121, 347 ], "score": 0.55, "latex": "E." }, { "category_id": 13, "poly": [ 433, 354, 456, 354, 456, 380, 433, 380 ], "score": 0.46, "latex": "E." }, { "category_id": 13, "poly": [ 578, 1018, 683, 1018, 683, 1048, 578, 1048 ], "score": 0.39, "latex": "1260\\,\\mathrm{mm}" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 120.0, 257.0, 713.0, 257.0, 713.0, 283.0, 120.0, 283.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "this assumption for the length of commercial plantation" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 119.0, 293.0, 711.0, 293.0, 711.0, 317.0, 119.0, 317.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "growth (up to 20 years) considered here. The physio-" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 121.0, 325.0, 714.0, 325.0, 714.0, 349.0, 121.0, 349.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "logical relationshipbetween stand age andwaterusefor" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 119.0, 360.0, 432.0, 360.0, 432.0, 383.0, 119.0, 383.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "plantationspeciesotherthan" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 457.0, 360.0, 715.0, 360.0, 715.0, 383.0, 457.0, 383.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "regnanshavenotbeen" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 118.0, 388.0, 714.0, 388.0, 714.0, 419.0, 118.0, 419.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "thoroughly investigated, although Cornish and Vertessy" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 117.0, 422.0, 716.0, 422.0, 716.0, 454.0, 117.0, 454.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "(2001) and Roberts et al. (2001) have shown young" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 121.0, 461.0, 714.0, 461.0, 714.0, 482.0, 121.0, 482.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "mixedspecieseucalyptforestsmayusemorewaterthan" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 118.0, 490.0, 714.0, 490.0, 714.0, 517.0, 118.0, 517.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "mature stands, and Putahena and Cordery (2000) suggest" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 120.0, 525.0, 714.0, 525.0, 714.0, 549.0, 120.0, 549.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "maximumPinusradiatawaterusemayhavebeen" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 120.0, 559.0, 654.0, 559.0, 654.0, 580.0, 120.0, 580.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "reachedafter12years,withasubsequentdecline." }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 819.0, 259.0, 1376.0, 259.0, 1376.0, 282.0, 819.0, 282.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "TraralgonCreekwouldbeexpected tohaveboththe" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 782.0, 292.0, 1377.0, 292.0, 1377.0, 317.0, 782.0, 317.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "most subdued flow reductions and longer response time" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 782.0, 325.0, 1120.0, 325.0, 1120.0, 351.0, 782.0, 351.0 ], "score": 0.93, "text": "because of the large area of" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1144.0, 325.0, 1381.0, 325.0, 1381.0, 351.0, 1144.0, 351.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "regnans forest,and" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 784.0, 359.0, 1380.0, 359.0, 1380.0, 380.0, 784.0, 380.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "uncertainvegetationrecord.Peakstandwateruseofa" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 782.0, 389.0, 1377.0, 389.0, 1377.0, 417.0, 782.0, 417.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "natural stand of this species is around 30 years." }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 786.0, 425.0, 1377.0, 425.0, 1377.0, 448.0, 786.0, 448.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "Additionallyinthislarge,‘realworld'catchment" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 783.0, 458.0, 1379.0, 458.0, 1379.0, 483.0, 783.0, 483.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "thereisacontinuouscycleofforestmanagement" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 783.0, 489.0, 1380.0, 489.0, 1380.0, 517.0, 783.0, 517.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "which includes harvesting. A mixture of pasture and" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 785.0, 522.0, 1379.0, 522.0, 1379.0, 551.0, 785.0, 551.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "'scrub', which could represent significant understorey" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 784.0, 558.0, 1377.0, 558.0, 1377.0, 580.0, 784.0, 580.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "stands,werereplacedbyplantationspecies.Conse-" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 783.0, 591.0, 1382.0, 591.0, 1382.0, 617.0, 783.0, 617.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "quently the difference between pre and post treatment" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 783.0, 625.0, 1381.0, 625.0, 1381.0, 648.0, 783.0, 648.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "ETmaybeless than atother catchments.Reductions of" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 784.0, 657.0, 1377.0, 657.0, 1377.0, 682.0, 784.0, 682.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "this magnitude could be more readily expected in larger," }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 783.0, 689.0, 1378.0, 689.0, 1378.0, 715.0, 783.0, 715.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "multi land use catchments than the very high impacts" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 784.0, 723.0, 1291.0, 723.0, 1291.0, 747.0, 784.0, 747.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "estimated at the smaller Australian catchments." }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 818.0, 1421.0, 1380.0, 1421.0, 1380.0, 1449.0, 818.0, 1449.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "This project sought to (i) develop a method to remove" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 783.0, 1455.0, 1377.0, 1455.0, 1377.0, 1479.0, 783.0, 1479.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "the climate signal from streamflow records to identify" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 784.0, 1489.0, 1379.0, 1489.0, 1379.0, 1512.0, 784.0, 1512.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "theimpactofvegetationonflowfromafforested" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 784.0, 1522.0, 1378.0, 1522.0, 1378.0, 1546.0, 784.0, 1546.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "catchments,and (i) quantify this impact on the flow" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 783.0, 1554.0, 1380.0, 1554.0, 1380.0, 1581.0, 783.0, 1581.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "duration curve. A simple model was proposed that" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 782.0, 1588.0, 1380.0, 1588.0, 1380.0, 1613.0, 782.0, 1613.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "considered the age of plantation and the annual rainfall" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 784.0, 1623.0, 1378.0, 1623.0, 1378.0, 1646.0, 784.0, 1646.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "tobetheprincipal driversfor evapotranspiration.This" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 784.0, 1655.0, 1378.0, 1655.0, 1378.0, 1677.0, 784.0, 1677.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "modelwasfittedtotheobserveddecilesoftheFDC,and" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 784.0, 1688.0, 1378.0, 1688.0, 1378.0, 1712.0, 784.0, 1712.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "the climate signal was then removed from the stream-" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 782.0, 1718.0, 1380.0, 1718.0, 1380.0, 1746.0, 782.0, 1746.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "flow records by adjusting the FDC for average rainfall" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 783.0, 1755.0, 1378.0, 1755.0, 1378.0, 1777.0, 783.0, 1777.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "overtheperiodofrecord.Themodelwastestedand" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 784.0, 1787.0, 1377.0, 1787.0, 1377.0, 1811.0, 784.0, 1811.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "applied to 10 afforested catchments.We successfully" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 782.0, 1818.0, 1379.0, 1818.0, 1379.0, 1845.0, 782.0, 1845.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "fitted our model to catchments with varying spatial" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 154.0, 1422.0, 713.0, 1422.0, 713.0, 1448.0, 154.0, 1448.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "The response groups may be in part explained by the" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 119.0, 1457.0, 714.0, 1457.0, 714.0, 1478.0, 119.0, 1478.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "storagecharacteristicsofthecatchments.Accurate" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 118.0, 1489.0, 714.0, 1489.0, 714.0, 1512.0, 118.0, 1512.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "measuresofstoragearenotavailablefrom theliterature," }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 119.0, 1521.0, 715.0, 1521.0, 715.0, 1544.0, 119.0, 1544.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "but thesoil depths and thebaseflowindex(Table1)both" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 120.0, 1555.0, 714.0, 1555.0, 714.0, 1577.0, 120.0, 1577.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "showthethreesoutheasternAustraliancatchmentswith" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 120.0, 1589.0, 715.0, 1589.0, 715.0, 1612.0, 120.0, 1612.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "thegreatestreductionarelikelytohavethelowest" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 120.0, 1622.0, 712.0, 1622.0, 712.0, 1646.0, 120.0, 1646.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "storage capacity. The greater flow reductions, particu-" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 119.0, 1653.0, 714.0, 1653.0, 714.0, 1679.0, 119.0, 1679.0 ], "score": 0.95, "text": "larly for low flows,could be expected under these" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 118.0, 1687.0, 714.0, 1687.0, 714.0, 1711.0, 118.0, 1711.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "conditions. Inclusion of a storage term in the model is an" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 120.0, 1719.0, 715.0, 1719.0, 715.0, 1746.0, 120.0, 1746.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "obvious option for improving the analysis. However the" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 121.0, 1755.0, 716.0, 1755.0, 716.0, 1779.0, 121.0, 1779.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "addition of extra parameters would be at the cost of" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 120.0, 1789.0, 712.0, 1789.0, 712.0, 1812.0, 120.0, 1812.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "maintaining model simplicity,particularly as character" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 120.0, 1821.0, 517.0, 1821.0, 517.0, 1847.0, 120.0, 1847.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "ising a transient storage is not trivial." }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 818.0, 758.0, 1376.0, 758.0, 1376.0, 781.0, 818.0, 781.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "Theanalysisofzeroflowdayswassuccessful" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 784.0, 790.0, 1378.0, 790.0, 1378.0, 815.0, 784.0, 815.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "demonstrating that theimpact onflowintermittence can" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 783.0, 824.0, 1377.0, 824.0, 1377.0, 847.0, 783.0, 847.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "beevaluatedwithoutof theentireFDC.Thiswashelpful" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 784.0, 857.0, 1379.0, 857.0, 1379.0, 881.0, 784.0, 881.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "as the change in the higher percentiles (low flows) could" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 783.0, 890.0, 1378.0, 890.0, 1378.0, 912.0, 783.0, 912.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "notalwaysbemodelled.Theresultsforthethree" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 784.0, 924.0, 1378.0, 924.0, 1378.0, 945.0, 784.0, 945.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "catchmentsanalysedarearatherstarkindicationofthe" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 783.0, 958.0, 1378.0, 958.0, 1378.0, 980.0, 783.0, 980.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "potentialforhighlyincreasedzeroflowperiodsinsmall" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 783.0, 989.0, 1377.0, 989.0, 1377.0, 1013.0, 783.0, 1013.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "catchments, at least in south-eastern Australia. However." }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 781.0, 1022.0, 1381.0, 1022.0, 1381.0, 1046.0, 781.0, 1046.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "it should be noted these curves probably represent a" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 783.0, 1056.0, 1379.0, 1056.0, 1379.0, 1079.0, 783.0, 1079.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "maximumresponseastheyareallderivedfromsmall" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 784.0, 1090.0, 1376.0, 1090.0, 1376.0, 1114.0, 784.0, 1114.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "catchments with smallstorage capacities and large" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 783.0, 1123.0, 1379.0, 1123.0, 1379.0, 1146.0, 783.0, 1146.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "percentagesof afforestation.Thismethodcouldbeused" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 783.0, 1156.0, 1377.0, 1156.0, 1377.0, 1180.0, 783.0, 1180.0 ], "score": 0.95, "text": "to determine change in the occurrence of any given flow" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 781.0, 1188.0, 1379.0, 1188.0, 1379.0, 1213.0, 781.0, 1213.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "inresponsetoafforestation;e.g.todeterminethe" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 783.0, 1219.0, 1379.0, 1219.0, 1379.0, 1249.0, 783.0, 1249.0 ], "score": 0.94, "text": "likelihood of maintaining a reservoir storage or an" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 783.0, 1255.0, 1376.0, 1255.0, 1376.0, 1280.0, 783.0, 1280.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "environmentalflowthatrequires anaveragecriticalflow." }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 154.0, 889.0, 714.0, 889.0, 714.0, 914.0, 154.0, 914.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "Themagnitudeof theresponsewithinGroup2varies" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 118.0, 924.0, 715.0, 924.0, 715.0, 946.0, 118.0, 946.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "considerably,withgreaterreductioninflowsinthetwo" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 118.0, 955.0, 714.0, 955.0, 714.0, 980.0, 118.0, 980.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "Cathedral Peak catchments,and Lambrechtsbos B." }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 119.0, 991.0, 714.0, 991.0, 714.0, 1014.0, 119.0, 1014.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "Potentialevaporationisinphasewithrainfallatthe" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 119.0, 1024.0, 509.0, 1024.0, 509.0, 1047.0, 119.0, 1047.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "CathedralPeaksitesastheyreceive" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 684.0, 1024.0, 715.0, 1024.0, 715.0, 1047.0, 684.0, 1047.0 ], "score": 0.81, "text": "on" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 119.0, 1056.0, 716.0, 1056.0, 716.0, 1079.0, 119.0, 1079.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "average)of theirrainfallinsummer.Theconjunction of" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 118.0, 1089.0, 713.0, 1089.0, 713.0, 1116.0, 118.0, 1116.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "peak demand and plant water availability may explain" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 118.0, 1120.0, 715.0, 1120.0, 715.0, 1148.0, 118.0, 1148.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "the high reductions relative to the remaining catchments" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 117.0, 1156.0, 715.0, 1156.0, 715.0, 1182.0, 117.0, 1182.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "in Group 2. In addition, the stocking density was" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 118.0, 1188.0, 712.0, 1188.0, 712.0, 1213.0, 118.0, 1213.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "described as‘abnormally dense’by Scott et al.(2000)" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 118.0, 1221.0, 715.0, 1221.0, 715.0, 1246.0, 118.0, 1246.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "Growthat Glendhu2wasnotablyslow(Faheyand" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 118.0, 1254.0, 714.0, 1254.0, 714.0, 1279.0, 118.0, 1279.0 ], "score": 0.95, "text": "Jackson, 1997) and Lambrechtsbos A and Biesievlei are" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 119.0, 1289.0, 714.0, 1289.0, 714.0, 1313.0, 119.0, 1313.0 ], "score": 0.94, "text": "described as being within sub optimalgrowth zones" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 121.0, 1322.0, 714.0, 1322.0, 714.0, 1346.0, 121.0, 1346.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "(Scott and Smith,1997) characterised by these authors" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 118.0, 1356.0, 715.0, 1356.0, 715.0, 1378.0, 118.0, 1378.0 ], "score": 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This research has led to the development" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 132.0, 756.0, 729.0, 756.0, 729.0, 780.0, 132.0, 780.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "of a method to assess the net impact of afforestation on" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 130.0, 788.0, 727.0, 788.0, 727.0, 816.0, 130.0, 816.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "the flow duration curve which does not require paired-" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 133.0, 825.0, 591.0, 825.0, 591.0, 849.0, 133.0, 849.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "catchments to remove climatic variability." }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 165.0, 1014.0, 726.0, 1014.0, 726.0, 1038.0, 165.0, 1038.0 ], "score": 0.94, "text": "The authors would like tothank RoryNathan." }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 132.0, 1048.0, 728.0, 1048.0, 728.0, 1071.0, 132.0, 1071.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "Narendra Tuteja,Tom McMahon,Geoff Podger,Rob" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 133.0, 1079.0, 725.0, 1079.0, 725.0, 1105.0, 133.0, 1105.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "Vertessy, Glen Walker and Peter Hairsine for particu-" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 131.0, 1111.0, 728.0, 1111.0, 728.0, 1139.0, 131.0, 1139.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "larly helpful discussions on methodologies and reviews," }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 131.0, 1146.0, 728.0, 1146.0, 728.0, 1171.0, 131.0, 1171.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "Richard Morton for valuable statistical advice,Dave" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 132.0, 1180.0, 726.0, 1180.0, 726.0, 1205.0, 132.0, 1205.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "Scottfor supplying theSouthAfrican data,BarryFahey" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 132.0, 1213.0, 728.0, 1213.0, 728.0, 1237.0, 132.0, 1237.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "for the New Zealand data, and Hancocks Victorian" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 131.0, 1245.0, 726.0, 1245.0, 726.0, 1270.0, 131.0, 1270.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "Plantationsfor vegetation data.Thestudywasfunded by" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 133.0, 1280.0, 729.0, 1280.0, 729.0, 1303.0, 133.0, 1303.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "theVictorianDepartmentofNaturalResourcesand" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 132.0, 1314.0, 729.0, 1314.0, 729.0, 1337.0, 132.0, 1337.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "EnvironmentPrivateForestryUnit,the CRC for" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 130.0, 1344.0, 729.0, 1344.0, 729.0, 1372.0, 130.0, 1372.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "Catchment Hydrology, and the MDBC funded project" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 135.0, 1377.0, 727.0, 1377.0, 727.0, 1405.0, 135.0, 1405.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "Integrated assessment of the effects of land use changes" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 132.0, 1412.0, 554.0, 1412.0, 554.0, 1437.0, 132.0, 1437.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "on water yield and salt loads'(D2013)." }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 131.0, 1602.0, 729.0, 1602.0, 729.0, 1625.0, 131.0, 1625.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "Bosch, J.M.,1979. 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